Instead, mangrove trees usually diestanding in small clusters of mixed age cohorts. Gaps arecommon in terrestrial forests but those in mangroves rarely involve falls oflarge older trees in the first instance. The mostimportant difference is in the character of small forest gaps.

Development interrestrial forests appears comparable with that in mangroves but turnoverseems to differ considerably between these broad forest types. Turnover within both mangrove and terrestrial forests is driven by standdevelopment in conjunction with factors influencing tree death andreplacement at various temporal and spatial scales.